PROBLEMS FACING HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS Essay

Issues FACING HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS - Essay Example In any case, these instructors will in general experience a few difficulties and this talk centers around such. Science is a powerful field and this implies secondary school science educators must embrace rising innovations to empower their understudies stay attractive or suitable in the activity markets. Be that as it may, this will in general be an extraordinary test in low salary secondary schools where science instructors are compelled to depend on obsolete advancements. Innovation, in this situation, alludes to the apparatus, PC equipment and programming, lab gear, and lab manuals (Baker 32). A few educators in such foundations handle the hypothetical pieces of the cutting edge innovations without fundamentally orchestrating pragmatic meetings because of absence of required offices. By the day's end, understudies come up short on the reasonable experience and this is an enormous difficulty as they graduate and join the activity advertise. The arrangement is the organization of such schools ought to liaise with nearby specialists so some reserve could be put aside to buy the correct hardware in the establishments. The schools could likewise look for assets or gifts from the network, associations, and in any event, willing people to buy the necessary hardware (Geisler 209). Then, the school could make game plans with establishments with such offices so understudies could make masterminded visits and gain from their offices. Nonetheless, this ought to be in a way that the two understudies from the two offices are not troubled. Science educators could utilize acclimatized modules to control their understudies as the organization look for assets to buy such offices. Science situated subjects require more exercise hours contrasted and social and humankind related subjects. Be that as it may, a larger part of secondary schools dispense that hours for all subjects. Because of this, a dominant part of educators end up not finishing the necessary prospectus as the school closes. Be that as it may, their partners taking care of social and mankind exercises

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Presentation The organization being referred to is engaged with assembling where it creates an assortment of wood items. It has been a sole ownership type of a specialty unit and presently. Be that as it may, the proprietor has plans of changing over the organization to another type of specialty unit by thinking about different elements. Notwithstanding, the business visionary doesn't understand all types of specialty units and hence he needs to settle on an educated choice before picking the structure regarding business that suits his situation.Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion of Various Forms of Business Units Sole ownership Sole ownership is the least difficult type of business association as it is framed and overseen by a solitary person. With this type of business, the association isn't enrolled all alone, subsequently can't be isolated from the proprietor (Lau Johnson, 2011). Additionally, the proprietor is qualified for all benefits created by the business toward the finish of a monetary year just as misfortunes on the off chance that they emerge. In any case, the proprietor is mindful over all obligations and liabilities went into by the business. In the arrangement of a sole ownership, the status consequently goes to the proprietor. Notwithstanding, for the business to be lawful, the proprietor needs to enroll and acquire the important licenses and allows. In any case, rules directing the enrollment procedure vary in understanding to the area of the business and the business. As far as tax collection, the proprietor needs to retain burdens and submit them to the applicable power. In addition, the business can't be burdened independently since livelihoods produced are likewise the owner’s salaries. Favorable circumstances Sole ownership is modest and simple to frame for basic expenses are very low when contra sted with different types of specialty units. What's more, legitimate expenses corresponding to acquiring fundamental documentation, licenses, and allows are consistently at least. Furthermore, it is anything but difficult to plan and record assessment forms for the business isn't burdened independently from the proprietor, which makes it simple to satisfy revealing necessity comparable to charges. Dynamic procedure is improved and quicker since the proprietor is the sole leader. Deal and move of properties happens at the caution of the proprietor, thus upkeep of insider facts inside the association (Lau Johnson, 2011, p. 236). Impediments on the off chance that the business falls into risk and can't pay, the proprietor is held at risk for the obligations and commitments of the association. Moreover, any obligated demonstration submitted by the representatives of the business is charged against the proprietor. What's more, the proprietor might not have skill in every aspect of the b oard; in this manner, the individual may think that its hard to maintain the whole business. Where there are no accounts to fire up the business, it is difficult to raise capital, particularly through looking for budgetary help from banking institutions.Advertising Looking for basic composition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More General organization An association characterizes the relationship that exists between at least two individuals who have a point of engaging in strategic approaches. Over the span of carrying on a business, all gatherings included offer benefits and misfortunes as concurred. On account of a general organization, every one of the accomplices contributes capital, abilities, and even work consequently to sharing into the benefits and misfortunes of the business. In spite of the fact that, there is no guideline requiring an association to be enrolled authoritatively, it is co nstantly prescribed for individuals to do as such (Lau Johnson, 2011, p. 240). In a courtroom, proof of at least two individuals carrying on a business is sufficient to consider it a general association. It is additionally worthy that a sole owner can change their business to this structure. For the situation study, the sole owner is considering changing the type of his business to something different. In any case, in the event that he agrees to this type of business, he should be happy to have an extra accomplice into his business. End relies upon the sort of that the colleagues were in; nonetheless, it can likewise end because of variables specified in the understanding. Favorable circumstances Raising capital is very simpler than when contrasted with a sole ownership for each accomplice contributes a specific bit of the capital. Rather than a sole ownership, a general organization can likewise get to advances from budgetary and non-money related foundations. Within the sight of a n understanding, it is simpler to take care of any difficult that emerges among accomplices. Division of work can without much of a stretch be worked out, as each accomplice will take part in maintaining the business. Drawbacks In a general association, each accomplice is at risk to all obligations and liabilities of the association. Sadly, all benefits produced by the business are shared among accomplices. What's more, because of office relationship that exists among accomplices, a slip-up made by one individual influences every single other accomplice in the business. Demise of a solitary accomplice implies a conclusion to that organization. Accomplices are additionally not allowed to move the responsibility for offer to someone else unreservedly. Mystery isn't ensured in this type of business since each accomplice is approved to execute for the benefit of all others and all have equivalent access to books of records (p 245). Constrained association rather than a general organizat ion, restricted organization must include legitimate documentation. Accomplices ready to wander into such a business should likewise be happy to have a particular area. The association comprises of restricted and a general accomplice. The restricted accomplice appreciates constrained risk, though broad accomplices are held at risk to the degree of their own obligation. Making of a constrained organization starts by recording restricted association authentications through the important agency.Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages Not all accomplices are obligated to the obligations and liabilities of the organization. Constrained accomplices are not subject to the obligations of the organization. If there should be an occurrence of general accomplices, they are just at risk to the degree of their commitment and not the whole obligation. Raising capita l for the organization is very simple. Detriments Any legitimate risk appended to the association can be passed to the general accomplice if the business can't meet its commitments. Then again, constrained accomplices are aloof financial specialists, as they are not permitted to accept dynamic investment in the administration of the business. The way toward setting up might be long and lumbering because of the enrollment methodology required. General accomplices wind up bearing substantial and superfluous dangers of the business. C-partnership These customary companies are at present held by most huge associations all around. The C-Corporations are administered by a governing body, officials, and ordinances. Stock authentications are additionally given to the underlying investors. Formal administrative work is documented in relations to specifications inside the state where the organization is set up. Focal points The partnership guarantees security of the owners’ properties through partition of activities of proprietors from those of the company. The business is a legitimate substance that can follow up on its own; along these lines, can sue or be sued without including the investors and different officials. Investors have forces to decide in favor of the executives dependent on their number of offers as specified in the articles of consolidation. Investors can uninhibitedly move their offers without conferences. Detriments Lengthy and bureaucratic methods are followed during joining. Choices are made by officials and chief, and in this way the choices may not adjust to the desires of investors. These associations are dependent upon corporate charges that make an interpretation of to extra expenses to the association. This company is liable to twofold tax collection, since investors are additionally burdened on their profits (Lau Johnson, p.249). S-company An association has first to move to a C-Corporation before being moved up to the status of a S Co rporation. Be that as it may, a S-Corporation can't suit in excess of 100 investors. In addition, it is the obligation of these investors to pass their corporate salary, findings, misfortunes, and credit. S Corporations have one class of stock. Points of interest Shareholders have the benefit to pick their benefits and the degree of their misfortunes. The partnership is likewise not liable to twofold tax assessment rather than C-Corporations for the enterprise reports the progression of wages and misfortunes on members’ individual expense form, subsequently maintaining a strategic distance from twofold taxation.Advertising Searching for basic composition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Weaknesses The company has just admissible investors, in this manner confining associations and outsider investors. The organization is likewise specific on some specific budgetary establishments, insurance agencies, and some household and global deals enterprises. For an independent company, joining this enterprise is muddled, as one needs to fill a few structures to be allowed authorization . Constrained risk organization This business association has a participation of 10 to 20 individuals, yet it ought not surpass 50 individuals for experts. Members’ property and investors are ensured and along these lines can't be utilized to settle monetary commitments of an association. One of the benefits of this type of an organization is that shareholders’ riches is ensured. The organization is likewise a going worry since the demise of any part can't influence the continui

How to Write Term Papers For Me

How to Write Term Papers For MeHave you been trying to figure out how to write term papers for me? The whole process can be very daunting and can take you days or even weeks. Even the smartest students are going to have some difficulty learning how to write good papers.This is not to say that you are incapable of writing them. You are still smart and able to do this. Just be aware that the more experience you have in this area, the better you will do.There are many different areas that you can practice on to get better at writing. This is a great way to test yourself and determine where you need to focus your efforts. Try to learn a little bit about each subject before you start with term papers for me.Once you have identified the area that you are struggling with, then you can start thinking about writing a paper about it. To help you along with this, you can write short sentences on different subjects about that particular area. Read it aloud to yourself to ensure that you understa nd what it is that you are trying to convey to the reader.Another way to learn how to write term papers for me is to make some notes. Try to collect as many information as you can from all the surrounding information. Then write these notes down so that you can refer back to them later.Using these techniques, you will be able to see a difference between your writing and someone else's. It takes time to perfect these skills, but you will see improvement if you are consistent. You should also do a little bit of research into the field that you are writing about so that you can gain some knowledge on the topic.Now, I am not going to tell you that writing term papers for me is easy. This is just an example to give you an idea of what to expect. There are many different types of papers, but you can always find one that is right for you.You can write it yourself or get some help, either way you will do a good job. Just keep in mind that you will not get all the information that you need t o in one sitting. Keep practicing until you are comfortable writing papers and completing them.

Andrea Dworkin Quotes Radical Feminism in 24 Quotes

Andrea Dworkin, a radical feminist whose early activism including working against the Vietnam War, became a strong voice for the position that pornography is a tool by which men control, objectify, and subjugate women. With Catherine MacKinnon, Andrea Dworkin helped draft a Minnesota ordinance that did not outlaw pornography but allowed victims of rape and other sexual crimes to sue pornographers for damage, under the logic that the culture created by pornography supported sexual violence against women. Quotes on Pornography Pornography is used in rape - to plan it, to execute it, to choreograph it, to engender the excitement to commit the act. [Andrea testimony before the New York Attorney Generals Commission on Pornography in 1986] Women, for centuries not having access to pornography and now unable to bear looking at the muck on the supermarket shelves, are astonished. Women do not believe that men believe that pornography says about women. But they do. From the worst to the best of them, they do. Romantic love, in pornography as in life, is the mythic celebration of female negation. For a woman, love is defined as her willingness to submit to her own annihilation. The proof of love is that she is willing to be destroyed by the one whom she loves, for his sake. For the woman, love is always self-sacrifice, the sacrifice of identity, will, and bodily integrity, in order to fulfill and redeem the masculinity of her lover. Feminists are often asked whether pornography causes rape. The fact is that rape and prostitution caused and continue to cause pornography. Politically, culturally, socially, sexually, and economically, rape and prostitution generated pornography; and pornography depends for its continued existence on the rape and prostitution of women. On Masculinity and Men Men who want to support women in our struggle for freedom and justice should understand that it is not terrifically important to us that they learn to cry; it is important to us that they stop the crimes of violence against us. Men are rewarded for learning the practice of violence in virtually any sphere of activity by money, admiration, recognition, respect, and the genuflection of others honoring their sacred and proven masculinity. In male culture, police are heroic and so are outlaws; males who enforce standards are heroic and so are those who violate them. Institutionalized in sports, the military, acculturated sexuality, the history and mythology of heroism, violence is taught to boys until they becomes its advocates. Men have defined the parameters of every subject. All feminist arguments, however radical in intent or consequence, are with or against assertions or premises implicit in the male system, which is made credible or authentic by the power of men to name. Men know everything - all of them - all the time - no matter how stupid or inexperienced or arrogant or ignorant they are. Men especially love murder. In art they celebrate it. In life, they commit it. In this society, the norm of masculinity is phallic aggression. Male sexuality is, by definition, intensely and rigidly phallic. A mans identity is located in his conception of himself as the possessor of a phallus; a mans worth is located in his pride in phallic identity. The main characteristic of phallic identity is that worth is entirely contingent on the possession of a phallus. Since men have no other criteria for worth, no other notion of identity, those who do not have phalluses are not recognized as fully human. We have a double standard, which is to say, a man can show how much he cares by being violent -- see, hes jealous, he cares -- a woman shows how much she cares by how much shes willing to be hurt; by how much she will take; how much she will endure. On Rape Culture and Sex By the time we are women, fear is as familiar to us as air; it is our element. We live in it, we inhale it, we exhale it, and most of the time we do not even notice it. Instead of I am afraid, we say, I dont want to, or I dont know how, or I cant. Seduction is often difficult to distinguish from rape. In seduction, the rapist often bothers to buy a bottle of wine. We are very close to death. All women are. And we are very close to rape and we are very close to beating. And we are inside a system of humiliation from which there is no escape for us. We use statistics not to try to quantify the injuries, but to convince the world that those injuries even exist. Those statistics are not abstractions. It is easy to say, Ah, the statistics, somebody writes them up one way and somebody writes them up another way. That’s true. But I hear about the rapes one by one by one by one by one, which is also how they happen. Those statistics are not abstract to me. Every three minutes a woman is being raped. Every eighteen seconds a woman is being beaten. There is nothing abstract about it. It is happening right now as I am speaking. Intercourse as an act often expresses the power men have over women. More Quotes by Andrea Dworkin Feminism is hated because women are hated. Anti-feminism is a direct expression of misogyny; it is the political defense of women hating. Being a Jew, one learns to believe in the reality of cruelty and one learns to recognize indifference to human suffering as a fact. Woman is not born: she is made. In the making, her humanity is destroyed. She becomes symbol of this, symbol of that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe; but she never becomes herself because it is forbidden for her to do so. Sexism is the foundation on which all tyranny is built. Every social form of hierarchy and abuse is modeled on male-over-female domination. The fact that we are all trained to be mothers from infancy on means that we are all trained to devote our lives to men, whether they are our sons or not; that we are all trained to force other women to exemplify the lack of qualities which characterizes the cultural construct of femininity. We have a double standard, which is to say, a man can show how much he cares by being violent -- see, hes jealous, he cares -- a woman shows how much she cares by how much shes willing to be hurt; by how much she will take; how much she will endure. The argument between wives and whores is an old one; each one thinking that whatever she is, at least she is not the other. The genius of any slave system is found in the dynamics which isolate slaves from each other, obscure the reality of a common condition, and make united rebellion against the oppressor inconceivable. While gossip among women is universally ridiculed as low and trivial, gossip among men, especially if it is about women, is called theory, or idea, or fact.

Argumentative Essay Nursing Homes - 1317 Words

Introduction: â€Å"Do all elderly have the same life when they become older?† Each person will have different life by their own. Some of them have a colorful life at the end, but some are not. It depends on their living conditions and surrounding people, too. A Few decades ago, people believed that their older relatives should be taken care at home to express filial piety. However, with the modern society, they tend to send their parents or grandparents into the nursing home instead of let them live with the family due to busy life. A nursing home is known as a place where older people cannot be cared at home but don’t want to be in the hospital to protect their health. Here they are treated as full health, but not good at all. For some older†¦show more content†¦It is estimated that the government now spend more than $9000 per elderly person and less than $900 per child each year (University, S.C, 2015). This is a huge amount. Generally, people pay millions for nursing hom e when they live there; however, it is hard to protect them from death. Moreover, the money to pay for labor is not cheap. Given three rural nursing home scenarios, a rural nursing home may have an employment impact from 65 to 137 employees, with wages, salaries and benefits impact from $ 3 million to $ 6.7 million (Cheryl, Gerald, and Fred, 2014). That’s why most of nursing home does not have enough staff to take care elderly whenever they need. Therefore, the nurse does not spend more time for each person when they do not have enough time. They treat them meager because they should be fair, so it is not sincerity and love. Otherwise, they try to hire and train a new one, this process might take a long time to finish because not all nurses are satisfied when they take care older people. Hence, regarding people about sending their relatives in nursing home is hard to achieve. Argument: Many people believe that their relatives living with them when they get older is the best way. First of all, elderly will have enough care to have a better life at the end. People think that their parents or grandparents work hard enough when they were young and now is time for them to relax with much of love by family. No one can take them care as good as their daughter andShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay Nursing Homes1356 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing Homes Just the mere mention of â€Å"nursing home† causes most people to shudder and think, â€Å"I would never put my relative in such a ghastly place.† There are a great deal of horror stories that stem from nursing homes, most along the lines of , â€Å" My mother was neglected after I put her in a nursing home. I would go to visit her and she would be lying in urine and have a new bruise, different than the one that was there last time.† There seems to be this popular perception that nursing homesRead MoreThe Revolution Of Texas Revolution1550 Words   |  7 PagesEssay on Texas Revolution Texas Revolution, a rebellion in late 1835 and early 1836 by residents of Texas, then a part of northern Mexico, against the Mexican government and military. The rebellion led to the establishment of the independent Republic of Texas. The short-lived republic was annexed by the United States as a state in 1845. These events were among the causes of the Mexican War between the United States and Mexico, after which Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and much of the present-dayRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN ESSAY Libre2222 Words   |  9 PagesOf Mice And Men Essay Of mice and men essay State of California. essay writers salt lake city research paper writing chattanooga buy college ruled paper. 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Consumers would evaluate faucets on artistic design and quality. Each faucet had to be available in at least twenty-five different colors. Commercial buyers seemed more interested in the cost than the average consumer,Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagescharacter; steep profits and shallow relationships. These are the times of world peace but domestic warfare; more leisure but less fun; more kinds of food but less nutrition. These are the days of two incomes but more divorce, of fancier houses but broken homes. These are the days of quick trips, disposable diapers, throw-away morality, one-night stands, overweight bodies, and pills that do everything from cheer to quiet to kill. It is a time when there is much in the show window and nothing in the stockroom

On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran Free Essays

string(64) " the intent of the research and obtained their written consent\." The eventful facet of concept cogency has been defined in different ways. Harmonizing to Messick ( 1989 ) eventful cogency includes grounds and principles for measuring the intended and unintended effects of mark reading and usage in both the short- and long term, peculiarly those associated with prejudice in hiting and reading, with unfairness in trial usage, and with positive or negative washback effects on instruction and acquisition. However, this signifier of grounds should non be viewed as a separate type of cogency, say, of ‘consequential cogency ‘ or, worse still, ‘washback cogency ‘ ( Messick, 1998 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas, Bachman ( 1990 ) and Bachman A ; Palmer ( 1996 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. The impact of trial usage operates at two degrees: a micro degree, in footings of the persons who are influenced by the peculiar trial usage, and a macro degree, in footings of the educational system or society ( Bachman A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . In this survey, following the taxonomy of Bachman and Palmer, the effects of trials on instruction and acquisition are viewed washback effects and the effects on single interest holders i.e. , scholars, instructors, parents, and test takers ‘ household members, and society are considered as impact. Since a few decennaries ago, the impacts of different linguistic communication trials either at macro or micro degrees have been studied. The literature reappraisal indicates that there has been a general consensus that high-stakes trials produce strong washback. High-stakes trials are those whose consequences are used to do of import determinations which instantly and straight impact the trial takers ( Luxia, 2005 ; Madaus, 1988 ; Shohamy, 1993a, 1993b, 2001 ) and other stakeholders such as instructors who are assisting the trial takers to go through the trials, and the other participates who are engaged in course of study development and class designing ( Baily, 1999 ; Spolsky, 1997 ) . The term ‘backwash ‘ has been used to mention to the manner a trial influences learning stuffs and schoolroom direction ( Hughes,1989 ) , although in applied linguistics and linguistic communication proving community the term ‘washback ‘ is more widely used today ( Weir 1990 ; Alderson A ; Wall 1993 ; Alderson, 2004 ) . Washback is by and large known as being either negative or positive ( Taylor,2005 ) . Negative washback is said to happen when the content or format of a trial is based on a narrow definition of linguistic communication ability, and so constrains the teaching/learning context. Positive washback is said to ensue when a testing process encourages ‘good ‘ instruction pattern ; for illustration, an unwritten proficiency trial is introduced in the outlook that it will advance the instruction of talking accomplishments ( Taylor, 2005 ) . The impact of a trial can be immediate or delayed ( Andrews, 1994 ; Andrews A ; Fullilove 1994 ) . Harmonizing to these research workers, washback seems to be associated chiefly with ‘high-stakes ‘ trials, that is, trials used for doing of import determinations that affect different sectors. , for illustration, finding who receives admittance into farther instruction or employment chances ( Chapman A ; Snyder, 2000 ) . Shohamy, Donitza-Schmitdt A ; Ferman ( 1996 ) believe that the state of affairss in which admittance, publicity, arrangement or graduation is dependent on the trial are really of import and great attention is needed. Harmonizing to Taylor ( 2005 ) , linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. That is, trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers ( educational/employment chances ) . They besides influence educational systems and society more widely ; for illustration, trial consequences are used to do determinations about school course of study planning, in-migration policy, or professional enrollment for physicians ; and the growing of a trial may take publishing houses and establishments to bring forth trial readying stuffs and run trial readying classs. Bachman ( 1990 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. Some linguistic communication examiners consider washback as one dimension of impact, depicting effects on the educational context ( Hamp-Lyons 1997 ) ; others see washback and impact as separate constructs associating severally to ‘micro ‘ and ‘macro â €˜ effects within society ( Bachman A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . Most examiners locate both constructs within the theoretical impression of ‘consequential cogency ‘ in which the societal effects of proving are portion of a broader, incorporate construct of trial cogency ( Messick, 1989, 1996 ) . Consequential cogency has been extensively discussed among linguistic communication examiners in recent old ages ( Kunnan, 2000 ) . As eventful cogency is a complex impression, we try to analyze specific portion of it known trials effects on trial takers, instructors, and society. Although washback effects on instruction and acquisition has been both theoretically and through empirical observation discussed and several washback hypotheses were put frontward, rather a few empirical surveies have been carried out to research the ESP trials negative or positive effects on trial takers ‘ life and society at big. Therefore, the present survey purposes at researching the ESP trials ‘ effects on Persian interest holders ‘ life, and society. In making so, the undermentioned research inquiry was raised: What impacts do ESP/ EAP trials have on the life of campaigners for station alumnus surveies as good the system of higher instruction at Persian local universities? Method and process This survey is portion of an extended probe to research ESP trials, constituents of maestro and doctorial enterance scrutiny to province universities, effects on maestro, Ph.D campaigners and ESP instructors. To merely set it, the intent of this component was to place and depict the effects which these trials may hold on the Persian interest holders including instructors, trial takers, parents and scholars ‘ household memebers, and society. A qualitative attack was selected because this facet of eventful cogency is underpinned by personal and organisational civilization and small of relevancy has been reported in the literature. Qualitative research is context based, therefore it is imperative for research workers to enroll participants in a crystalline mode. The participants were 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils of different big leagues and 5 ESP instructors at different universities in Iran. Datas were gathered during face-to-face in-depth interviews. The research workers informed the participants of the intent of the research and obtained their written consent. You read "On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran" in category "Essay examples" The research workers besides obtained the participants ‘ permission to audiotape each interview for intents of content analysis and audit trail. The interviews were conducted in both an unstructured and a semi-structured mode. All participants were interviewed in privateness. Each interview began with the inquiry: ‘What do you believe of ESP trials effects? The reply to which was followed by inquiries designed to arouse specific effects of the mark trials, such as: ‘what was the most positive or negative effects of these trials? The participants were besides asked to depict their experiences, attitudes and beliefs about the ESP trials and their impacts on their life. The interviews lasted on norm for about 30 proceedingss. Interviewing took topographic point during all yearss over a six-week period, until the informations collected were being systematically duplicated. No new information was gained from the last three interviews, therefore informations impregnation was considered to hold been achieved. The interview informations were instantly transcribed verbatim and analyzed utilizing qualitative content analysis. Contented analysis is a subjective reading of the content of textual informations utilizing a procedure of systematic categorization. This procedure uses chiefly inductive logical thinking, by which subjects and classs emerge from natural informations under careful scrutiny and changeless comparing ( Strauss and Corbin, 1990 ) . One feature of qualitative content analysis is that the method, to a great extent, focuses on the topic and the context, and emphasizes differences between and similarities within subjects and classs. Another feature is that this method trades with manifest every bit good as latent content in a text. Manifest content consists of respondents ‘ existent words organizing constructs, while subjects are seen as looks of the latent content. In this survey the method of coding harmonizing to qualitative content analysis was used to deduce classs and subjects from the informations, which were identified from the first interviews and so tested and revised through analysis of wining interview ( Marvast, 2004 ) . To guarantee dependability and supply an appraisal of inter-rater dependability, the research worker and the research helper coded interviews separately, discussed the result, agreed on alterations and so individually coded the following interview. In the first five interviews, over 80 % of the codifications were shown to be consistent between the two research workers. These interviews were re-coded after a two-day interval by the same squad and found to be stable. The same cryptography strategy was so applied to a re-analysis of all interviews. The research workers besides reviewed and discussed the full interview coding to guarantee consistence. Findingss The 31 participants consisted of 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils and 5 ESP instructors. Four subjects were extracted from the interview informations utilizing qualitative content analysis: psychological, societal, fiscal, and household effects. Each of these chief classs is farther divided into subcategories which are described in inside informations in the undermentioned parts of the survey. Psychological effects About all participants stated that ESP trials had great psychological effects. This chief class is subcategorized into emphasis, anxiousness, assurance, depression, learning efficaciousness, and letdown. Stress and anxiousness Many of the participants acknowledged that they had experienced a sort of anxiousness before or even after ESP trials are administered. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. Clairvoyance trials are truly hard and the transitions are long. When I do non cognize the significance of unknown words, I become nervous and I do non try all the points. My public presentation on these trials influences my hereafter so believing about the consequence causes me emphasis. In fact, all trials are nerve-racking but linguistic communication trials are something different because a specific readying is needed ( participant 1 ) . Another participant described test effects as stressful. He said: The consequences are non announced shortly. Sometimes, I have to wait for approximately three months. During this clip, I ever think about the trial consequences. Such ideas cause me a batch of emphasis ( participant 3 ) . Ph.D campaigners besides acknowledged that the ESP subdivision of entryway scrutiny was awfully nerve-racking. A participant said: I had no jobs in content topics. My lone job was specific English. I about translated about 70 pages of my ESP book but the transitions given to us to be translated were unobserved. When I did non cognize the significances of some unknown words, I got confused. Such confusion led to my mental emphasis. That is why ; I could non hold a good public presentation. Even one point can do a alteration in the opportunity of admittance. When the consequences were announced, I noticed that if my mark on ESP subdivision were one point higher, I would go through the entryway test ( participant 12 ) . Depression Majority of the participants argued that the consequences of the trials and trial phobic disorder greatly influenced and depressed them so that they could non analyze any longer. Such a sort of depression sometimes affected their day-to-day activities. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. You may non cognize about trial effects. The English trials sometimes turn out to be a sort of catastrophe in our life. Due to many known and unknown factors, we are depressed before and after taking linguistic communication trials. Sometimes we feel so down that we can non make anything. We can non even acquire out of bed to eat breakfast or tiffin. Even, we do non speak to anyone for a twosome of yearss ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: Regardless of trial consequences, whether to neglect or go through, due to the nature of ESP trials administered at province and nonstate universities in my state, I become down. The trials are non mensurating what I need. They merely test interlingual rendition ability of the pupils ; whereas, I do non necessitate interlingual rendition. I may go through the trial but I can non utilize ESP linguistic communication to run into my academic demands. My mark is non bad but I can non even compose a paragraph or sum up a transition. That is why ; I ever feel down ( participant 16 ) . Disappointment The participants of the survey believed that they sometimes felt defeated and gave up perusal. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: I took Ph.D trial several times but I ever failed because of my bad public presentation in ESP subdivision of the trial. I got tired and eventually defeated. Even if I pass the ESP portion of the trial, I am non pleased because these trials do non mensurate what we need at all. Therefore, I ever felt defeated and planned to give up my analyzing for Ph.D scrutiny ( participant 8 ) . Another participant added: At first I was truly interested in analyzing for Ph.D entryway scrutiny but holding failed the trial several times I lost my motive and felt defeated. Such a sort of feeling lasted for a long clip. Despite the undependability and invalidness of these trials, they had great influence on the campaigners ‘ admittance. I got defeated and unwillingly gave up Ph.D ( participant 2 ) . As the participants do non cognize anything about the range of contents which are given in the trial, they may non try hard to acquire prepared. They believed that their cognition in English is limited and they may non be able to make their best in the unobserved contents. One of the participants said: The campaigners do non cognize how much readying is needed. The ESP texts are infinite. I remember I studied and translated more than 200 pages but the trial transitions were non in the scope of stuffs which I was familiar with. Even an unknown word confused me. That is why I am non certain I can reply all the transitions because they may be unfamiliar to me and this makes me defeated. I gave up analyzing ESP ( participant 10 ) . Furthermore, the participants acknowledged that their public presentation on ESP trials depends on their general linguistic communication public presentation to a great extent. As they are non good at general linguistic communication, they have no opportunity to larn ESP. They believed that they about know some proficient words which they can non utilize in context because of their general linguistic communication. As the consequences, they are hopeless to larn English for ESP/EAP intents. One of the participants stated: English linguistic communication is non given appropriate attending in our state. The clip allocated to learning English at secondary and third schools is non plenty. Teachers merely focus on grammar and reading. Because we have no exposure to reliable linguistic communication we easy bury what we learned in high schools. How one does anticipate us to larn English in such a sort of instruction system in which merely a few grammatical constructions and a twosome of words are taught. I studied English for approximately seven old ages but I can non even compose a short paragraph. I think the consequences of ESP trials indirectly disappoint the pupils. I myself am one of those defeated 1s. I think I ne’er pass ESP/ EAP trials such as IELTS or IBT TOFEl. In one of the Ph.D trial taken two old ages ago, the trial takers were asked to interpret a transition from Persian to English. Although I knew all words, I could non make the undertaking because I did non cognize how to unite the words to do a text ( participant 18 ) . Self- assurance and efficaciousness The participants believed that their assurance is greatly influenced by these trials. They stated that by utilizing their short memory capacity they can memorise a list of proficient words and some specific transitions. They may achieve a good mark which leads to a sort of false assurance. They may believe that this mark indicates their true ability and may give up analyzing English. One of the participants said: I merely studied for two months. In fact, I got a good mark. Having seen my mark on ESP trial, I felt a high self-confident. I thought I could run into my all academic demands ; hence, I stopped reading my English books. During my maestro categories, I noticed how weak I was in English. I could non even interpret a paper. I had to apportion about all my clip analyzing English. You can non conceive of how hard it was for me to go through ESP classs in two semesters ( participant 17 ) . Refering the impact of the trials on assurance, another participant stated: When I saw my mark I became really confident and felt proud. Some of my friends failed the trial. I sneered at them. It was a great accomplishment for me. Majority of the trial takers failed these ESP trials but I passed. Therefore, it was a good bravery for me to take even hard trials. English trials differ from the other trials, so go throughing them successfully is truly of much significance in my assurance ( participant 13 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that the pupils ‘ low tonss on ESP trials led to assurance waking up. One of the participants said: I have taken Ph.D entryway scrutiny three times. My tonss on capable trials were non bad, but I had no good public presentation in ESP sub-test of entryway scrutiny. My friends who were good at English could go through the entryway scrutiny and enter the university. Such a failure in ESP trials caused me to lose my assurance and give up fixing for Ph.D scrutinies because I knew it does non worth the monetary value to pass clip larning English ( participant 6 ) . The consequences besides indicate that ESP trials will do a sort of false positive sense of learning efficaciousness among ESP teachers. The undermentioned illustration illustrated this subject. The alleged ESP trials administered at our universities merely lay accent on proficient vocabulary and proficient reading transitions. I am good at these accomplishments. I am able to learn these accomplishments really good. Because of such prepardness, I think I am a good ESP instructor and feel efficaciouse. However, when the pupils require to the other academic accomplishments, I about ever to hedge their petitions ( participant 19 ) . Social effects The 2nd emerged subject of the survey is categorized as the effects of the trials on the society at big. The participants acknowledged that the entryway exams peculiarly ESP sub-tests surely have great impacts on the society. The societal impacts can be subcategorized as: want from high instruction, unfairness and unethical issues, and credence of unqualified campaigners. Each of these subcategories is elaborated as follows ( participant 14 ) . Want from instruction The participants acknowledged that the consequences of choice tests- either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced- will surely ensue in some campaigners ‘ want from instruction. They believed that ESP tests non unlike the other trials do hold such impacts. They believe the campaigners whose English is good can accomplish a good mark on ESP trials and are ranked higher than those with low English proficiency. Therefore, the 1s with low English proficiency are deprived from analyzing for maestro and Ph.D grades although their tonss on the content sub-tests are non bad in comparing with the other campaigners. One of the participants said: I answered about all points of entryway test except ESP points. That is why, I did non go through the trial but my friends who answered English points passed and were accepted in really good and modern universities such as Tehran universities. Two or three times I failed. Finally, I got tired and did non try entryway scrutinies to post graduation schools. I was deprived. Such a failure is merely due to my failing in English ( participant 20 ) . Another participant stated: If I had been able to reply the points of ESP sub-part of the Ph.D entryway scrutiny I would hold passed the trial and I could hold become a extremely educated individual in my state. In fact, my lone job was merely my failing in English. Damn English trial turned out to be a catastrophe in my life. As the consequences, the societey disadvantages the qualified people ( participant 18 ) . Injustice and unethical issues Participants of the survey besides stated that the ESP trials administered at our universities lead to injustice and unethical issues. That is, about all campaigners acknowledged that Persian people in different metropoliss do non hold entree to the same educational installations such as linguistic communication and trial readying institutes to larn a foreign linguistic communication ; whereas, they have to take the same norm-referenced trials. Therefore, any determination made based on the campaigners ‘ public presentation on these trials in which the campaigners do non hold the same privileges, is to a great extent unethical and unjust. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: In fact I do non hold with the policy of trial development and disposal which is presently practiced in our state. Some of the trial takers live in large metropoliss with adequate educational installations. They can go to linguistic communication categories. They can fix instructional stuffs easy. They benefit from really experient linguistic communication instructors. I do non hold the opportunity to do usage of these necessary things. In Iran, the Ph.D campaigners have to take the same trial. Those who began larning English at the earlier age and attended different linguistic communication categories can surely reply all linguistic communication trial points. Sometimes, the campaigners ‘ tonss on content classs are the same but their tonss on English trial are different. Therefore, I think it is non just and ethical to do a determination about the campaigner based on their differences in English tonss ( participant 12 ) . Another participant added: It is truly pathetic. I know some of the maestro pupils whose tonss on content sub-parts of the trial such as applied Chemistry, Physics chemical science were in fact below my tonss. His mark on ESP trial was 90 but mine was 40. He was accepted but I was non. Make you believe it is just? I am certain that neither can he compose a paper nor understand a talk in English. So why should he go through but I fail? . Truly, it is unethical ( participant 5 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that although ESP trials play of import functions in credence or non credence of the campaigners into station alumnus schools ; no 1 knows for certain that these trials measure the scholars ‘ true ESP cognition. Therefore, deficiency of correspondence between ESP trial contents and mark linguistic communication usage state of affairs undertakings will do a sort of unethical and unjust issue. A participant mentioned: How does one cognize that ESP trials are reliable, dependable, and valid? Surely those with good tonss are accepted. Even one point is of import. But are those who scored high on ESP trials able to utilize linguistic communication in mark linguistic communication usage state of affairss? — — I truly doubt. Is it just to accept campaigners based on the consequences of such unimportant trials? — – These are non just and ethical ( participant 19 ) . Credence of unqualified campaigners Another emerged subject is credence of unqualified campaigners. The participants of the survey believed that entryway scrutiny to third and station alumnus schools are all norm-referenced. In norm-referenced trials even one decimal is finding. Naturally, the mean mark and percentile rank of the trial takers are the standards for credence or non- credence. Therefore, ESP portion of the entryway scrutinies is of much significance. Assuming that the campaigners are all equal in their tonss on content trials but different from each other in ESP trial, those with a better mark on ESP trial are accepted. There are times when the more qualified campaigners are rejected and less adept 1s are accepted. These so- called Ph.D campaigners will be the hereafter directors, professors, etc. They may be less qualified than the 1s non accepted. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. I think the campaigners should be accepted or rejected merely based on their tonss on proficient trials. How one is proficient in English is non of import. Those who are good at proficient topics are in fact more qualified to come in station alumnus surveies than those who are adept in English but weak at proficient topics ( participant 16 ) . Another participant stated If the campaigners are accepted based on their average tonss on proficient and ESP sub-tests of choice trial, it is more likely that a good mark one a one separate sub-test influences the mean mark and increases the chance of credence. ESP sub-test can besides hold the same function. Therefore, those campaigners whose average mark is positively influenced by ESP mark may be less qualified than those with proper tonss on proficient sub-tests but bad mark on ESP trial ( participant 11 ) . Fiscal effects The consequences of the survey indicated that linguistic communication trials peculiarly EAP entryway scrutiny trials have great fiscal effect for both persons and parents. The pupils who are serious about come ining a extremely ranked university spend eventides, weekends and even holidaies fixing for the trial at assorted exam readying schools which provide a assortment of training services. The participants acknowledged that auxiliary instruction of this sort costs a good trade of money and the pupils and their households are willing to do such forfeits. The fiscal effects include text editions, linguistic communication establishment, private coachs, and test readying schoolroom disbursals. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. I am a pupil and I do non hold excessively much money. I spent rather a batch of money on purchasing text editions and sample EAP trials. I besides spent some money for trial readying categories. Even a penny was of import to me but I had to pass it to purchase the needed books ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: My English was non good. I decided to travel to some linguistic communication instructors to learn me. The private category tuition was someway high. Although paying that sum of money was truly hard I had to pay it because I had to ( participant 14 ) . Entrance scrutinies peculiarly linguistic communication trials sometimes have indirect fiscal effects. Participants argued that alternatively of blowing clip to larn English, they can work someplace and gain a great trade of money. One participant argued: I have Master of Science grade in Chemistry. I can hold a good occupation with a great salary but I determined to acquire prepared for Ph.D entryway scrutiny. I studied for about 12 months. If I had worked 12 months, I would hold earned about 12000 dollars. I merely studied difficult but I failed the trial merely because o my bad public presentation in English trials. My mark on the other topics was non bad. I am certain if I had got a better mark on English subpart of the trial, I could hold passed the trial successfully ( participant 9 ) . Family effects The EAP/ESP trials have besides some household effects. Participants acknowledged that the consequences of these trials influence the household members of the trial takers to a great extent straight or indirectly. They are emotionally, financially, and psychologically influenced. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. As I had to analyze hard for the entryway scrutinies, I had no more clip to pass with my household ( my married woman and kids ) . Whenever they asked me to take them out, I did non hold, because I merely wanted to analyze. They got worried and they ever complained. Two or three times my married woman decided to disassociate ( participant 3 ) . Another participant stated: I am married and I have to pass a portion of my clip with my household. But because of the importance of scrutiny, I merely studied. When I was analyzing I could non gain adequate money. Therefore, I could non run into my household fiscal demands. It is their right to hold everything they like. They sometimes did non understand me and in fact felt depressed ( participant 13 ) . The trial takers ‘ psychological and societal jobs caused by trials indirectly influence their household members. One of the household members stated: Persian households are really emotionally closed. They can non be apathetic to each other. Whenever a household member feels worried, down, or disappointed, the other members have the same feelings. When I was fixing myself for the trial I had to travel to bed late and my household stayed awake ( participant 20 ) . Discussion The consequences obtained from a trial can hold seriouse effects for persons every bit good the programmes, because many of import determinations are made on the footing of the trials ‘ consequences ( Herman A ; Golan, 1993 ) . Language scholars and the other participants may be influenced by official information about a trial prior to its administeration including advertisement stuffs from the trial publishing houses or by folk-knowledge such as studies from the pupils who have taken the trials earlier. They may besides be affected by several beginnings of feedback following trial administeration. These would include the existent trial tonss provided by the test hiting service, feedback from the trial takers such as what was easy or hard, what seemed just or unjust, expected, or unexpected, feedback from the monitors, and feedback from the instructors in reaction to the pupils ‘ tonss ( Baily, 1999 ) . Taylor ( 2005 ) besides believes that linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. Trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers. The impacts of different types of trials in different countries of the universe have been studied through empirical observation. The types of trials include national school scrutinies in Sri Lanka ( Wall and Alderson, 1993 ; Wall, 1997,2000 ) , Israel Shohamy et al. , 1996 ) , and Hong Kong ( Cheng, 1997, 1998 ) ; university entryway scrutinies in Japan ( Watanabe, 1997 A ; 2004 ) ; and international proficiency trials ( Alderson and Hamp-Lyons, 1996 ) . Much of what was revealed by these surveies had to make with what Hughes ( 1989,1988 ) would name the â€Å" procedures † of instruction: the choice of content ( accomplishments, learning stuffs, exam readying stuffs ) , the methodological analysis instructors used and the ways in which they assessed their ain pupils. The findings associating to `participants ‘ frequently had to make with the emphasis and anxiousness felt by instructors and scholars. In line with findings of the above mentioned impact surveies, the consequences of the present survey indicated that maestro and doctorial ESP trials administered as national entryway scrutiny to Persian province universities influence scholars, ESP instructors and society in different ways. The first subject emerged from the content analysis of the interviews was describrd as the psychological effects. The psychological impacts were subcategorized into emphasis and anxiousness, depression, letdown, and false self- assurance and learning efficay. The findings of the impact surveies carried out in different parts of the universe merely confirmed scholars and instructors ‘ emphasis and anxiousness before and after trial administeration ; whereas, the consequences of the present survey indicate that in adition to emphasize and anxiousness, the scholars become down and defeated. Furthermore, their assurance is negatively influenced by such trials. Pearson ( 1988 ) says it is accepted that public scrutinies influence the attitudes, behaviours, and motives of the scholars, parents, and instructors. This influence is frequently seen as negative. The reappraisal of literature besides indicated that scrutinies distort course of study. The fidings of the present survey besides indicated that a chief negative effect of ESP trials on Persian ESP instructors is deformation of course of study. That is, they ignore linguistic communication accomplishments which do non lend straight to go throughing the test. Rather, they merely lay accent on learning proficient vocabulary and reading through limited learning schemes such as interlingual rendition to pupils ‘ native linguistic communication. As such a sort of learning method does non necessitate proficiency in the other linguistic communication accomplishments, the instructor think they are really efficaciouse. That is why, they think they have a high instruction efficaciousness. Participants of the survey besides reported that ESP/EAP trials have societal effects. Not unlike the findings of washback surveies, the consequences of the survey indicated that societal effects of ESP trials including want from high instruction, unfairness, and credence of unqualified campaigners are all negative. Therefore, in line with Davies, 1997 ; Messick,1989,1994, 1996 ; Hamp-Lyons, 1997a, 1997b, 1989,2000,1999 ; McNamara, 1999 reasoning for a professional morality among linguistic communication examiners to protect the profession ‘s members and persons from the abuse and maltreatment of the trial, it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran are unjust and violate moralss premises. Sing the usage of ESP trials use as instruments of societal policy and control and their gate-keeping map ( Spolsky, 1997, 1981, 1994 ) , it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran will take to acceptance and rejection of some campaigners whom we are non certain of their true ability ; accord ingly, the society does non profit from the qualified campaigners and some qualified campaigners are deprived from instruction while it is their ain civil and societal right to be accepted in universities. ESP trials practiced at Persian universities, to set in words of Shohamy ( 1997, 1993,1998, 2000 ) , contain contents or employ methods which are non just to all test-takers. As the consequences, utilizations of such trials which exercise control and manipulate stakeholders instead than supplying information on the proficiency degrees seem to be against moralss of linguistic communication testing. Fiscal impact of ESP trials on trial takers was the 3rd subject emerged from the content analysis of the present survey informations. Due to the impacts of the enterance scrutinies on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers, they have to pass a great trade of money for readying categories, sample trials, and even private tuition. As bulk of the trial takers are pupils or unemployed, it is someway hard for them to gain money. Therefore, their life is greatly influenced by the consequences of trials. Furthermore, the trial takers who are bread victors of the household can non fulfill their households financially, because they do non hold clip to work someplace to gain money. Furthermore, the consequences indicated that the trial takers ‘ household members such as parents, kids, hubbies, and married womans, are all straight or indirectly influence by the trials effects. The findings of the other surveies indicated trial effects on the scholars ‘ parents ; whereas, this survey showed that in add-on to scholars ‘ parents, their kids, hubbies, and married womans were all influenced by psychological, societal, and fiscal effects of the trials. Such clear difference between the findings of this survey and the other surveies is profoundly rooted in the differences between the cultural and societal values of the scholars. In Iran, household members closely related and experience sympathy with each other. About all effects reported by the participants were negative. That is, niether do they ensue in great inventions in acquisition and learning ESP nor do they hold posotive and good effects on the interest holders. The great negative effects of ESP trials, acoording to Kiani, Akbari, and Alibakhshi ( forthcoming ) are due their deficiency of straightness and genuineness. They believe that reliable trials will surely take to great posotive effects. Another justification for such negative effects is the intent of ESP trials and the decicisions which are made on the footing of trials. Naturally the negative effects of norm-referenced trials are more serious than criterion-referenced 1s. Decision This survey was an effort to expolre the effects of ESP trials on trial takers and instructors ‘ life and society. The premise is that valid trials have posotive effects on the interest holders, society and educational systems and invalid trials have negative effects on all interest holders and distort course of study. The consequences of the present survey showed that the effects of the ESP trials were all negative. Therefore, it could be concluded that these trials lack eventful cogency which is a chief constituent of costruct cogency ( Messick, ) . Sing such a fatal defect in ESP trials, we suggest that great alterations in the contents, intent and determinations made on the footing of these trials consequences are needed so that we can do a alteration in learning ESP at our local universities. That is, it is concluded that the invalid trials should non be used as the instruments which filter the entery and nonentry of some candiadates to province universities. Furthermore, any determination made on the footing of invalid trials is against the critical issues of equity and moralss. Therfore, it is indispensable that the trial developers try to devlope more reliable and direct trials, because reliable and direct trials have a good washback cogency. How to cite On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran, Essay examples

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Assignment: 06.02 Assignment Laws and Rules of the Road Q1) What is the difference between a learners license and an operators license? A1) To earn an operator's license, you must be at least 16 years old and have held a learner's license for at least one year without any traffic convictions. Q2) Name at least two primary forms of identification needed to obtain a learners license. A2) Proof that you completed a Traffic Law and Substance Abuse Education course. And a parent consent form. Q3) Students may elect to take the knowledge test online or at a license office. What additional test must be taken at the licensing office? A3) 50 multiple choice questions about traffic laws and traffic signs. Vision Test using an eye machine. And a hearing test. Q4) In order for a driver to graduate from a learners license to an operators license, how many hours of driving need to be documented? How many nighttime driving hours are required? A4) Parent or guardian certification that you have at least 50 hours of behind the wheel driving experience, of which 10 hours must be at night. Effects of Alcohol and Drugs Q1) Explain three ways you can get home safely, without getting behind the wheel, if there are drugs or alcohol in your system. 1a) Ask for your friends or family to come pick you up. 1b) Take a bus ride home. 1c) Call for a uber to come pick you up. Q2) Explain three ways you can get home safely if the friend you rode with has drugs or alcohol in his or her system and you prevent him or her from getting behind the wheel. 2a) Tell them they can get their car in the morning and take the bus for now. 2b) Ride with another buddy that didnt drink that night. 2c) sleep where ever you are for the night and leave in the morning. Q3) What would your parent/guardian want you to do? A3) To stay home and never get into trouble. Q4) Look up and list the number of a local taxi or car service in your community. Include the company name and telephone number. A4) CHECKER CAB of JAX/ (904) 345-3333

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38 países que pueden ingresar a EE.UU. sin visa

38 paà ­ses que pueden ingresar a EE.UU. sin visa Los ciudadanos de 38 paà ­ses pueden ingresar sin visa a Estados Unidos cuando la finalidad de su viaje es hacer turismo, negocios o recibir tratamiento mà ©dico en aplicacià ³n del Programa de Exencià ³n o Exoneracià ³n de visas (VWP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En este artà ­culo se informa sobre cules son esos paà ­ses, cà ³mo aplica el VWP a las personas con doble nacionalidad, en quà © circunstancias se pierde este privilegio para viajar sin visa, cundo es obligatorio solicitar una Autorizacià ³n de Viaje conocida como ESTA y, finalmente, los inconvenientes de viajar sin visa a Estados Unidos, el caso especial de los canadienses y consejos para evitar tener problemas como turistas. Listado de 38 paà ­ses autorizados a ingresar sin visa Pueden ingresar a Estados Unidos sin visa al amparo del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados los ciudadanos de los siguientes paà ­ses cuando el fin del viaje es turismo, negocios o tratamiento mà ©dico: AlemaniaAndorraAustraliaAustriaBà ©lgicaBruneiChileCorea del SurDinamarcaEslovaquiaEsloveniaEspaà ±aEstoniaFinlandiaFranciaGreciaHolandaHungrà ­aIslandiaIrlandaItaliaJapà ³nLetoniaLiechtensteinLituaniaLuxemburgoMaltaMà ³nacoNoruegaNueva ZelandaPortugalReino Unido (sà ³lo Inglaterra, Escocia, Gales, Irlanda del Norte, Islas del Canal y de Man)Repà ºblica ChecaSan MarinoSingapurSueciaSuizaTaiwan Doble nacionalidad y VWP Frecuentemente se da el caso de que personas de Latinoamà ©rica tienen, adems, un pasaporte incluido en el listado de VWP, como por ejemplo, el espaà ±ol, el italiano o el portuguà ©s. Este beneficio  aplica tambià ©n, en principio, a esas personas que tienen doble nacionalidad. Es decir, aunque hayan nacido y vivan habitualmente en un paà ­s no incluido en el VWP si adems tienen un pasaporte de un paà ­s sà ­ incluido pueden utilizar este à ºltimo para ingresar y salir de EE.UU. sin visa para negocios o turismo. Por supuesto, no estn obligados a hacerlo, pero pueden si desean evitarse pagar por una visa y la visita al consulado o Embajada para la entrevista de solicitud. Sin embargo, existe una importante excepcià ³n a esa regla general y es que si una persona con doble nacionalidad tiene negada la solicitud de una visa americana o ha tenido una y le ha sido cancelada o revocada no puede viajar a EE.UU. con su otro pasaporte y sin pedir visa. Por ejemplo, un colombiano con doble nacionalidad colombiana y espaà ±ola que ha pedido una visa de turista a Estados Unidos con el pasaporte colombiano y la solicitud fue negada no puede ingresar a Estados Unidos sin visa con un pasaporte espaà ±ol. Requisitos bsicos y autorizacià ³n previa conocida como ESTA Para ingresar a Estados Unidos sin visa es necesario, adems de pertenecer a un paà ­s incluido en la lista de los VWP, cumplir los siguientes requisitos: En primer lugar, el fin de ingresar a Estados Unidos es una visita como turista, para hacer negocios o tratamiento mà ©dico. Por ejemplo, no se puede estudiar a tiempo completo ni cursos de inglà ©s ni educaciones ms regladas. En segundo lugar, para viajar sin visa es imprescindible no haber tenido jams una peticià ³n de visa negada, ni con un pasaporte de un paà ­s incluido en el VWP ni con otro. En tercer lugar, si se llega a EE.UU. por avià ³n en una aerolà ­nea comercial es necesario obtener previamente una autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica aprobada (ESTA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).Si se llega en avià ³n privado es necesario solicitar una visa regular. Si se ha viajado con anterioridad a Estados Unidos, se requiere haber cumplido con todos los requisitos migratorios, como salir no quedarse ms tiempo del permitido. En esos casos, la solicitud de la ESTA serà ­a rechazada. Si se entra a Estados Unidos por visa terrestre no se pide la ESTA previamente al viaje, sino que se llena el formulario I-94W una vez que se est en el puesto migratorio. En otras palabras, se necesita pedir la ESTA si se llega a Estados Unidos por avià ³n comercial o barco y no se necesita si se llega por và ­a terrestre. En cuarto lugar, hay que tener un pasaporte electrà ³nico con fotografà ­a digital y chip. En la actualidad, prcticamente todos son ya asà ­. Finalmente, no se puede estar en la categorà ­a de inadmisible o inelegible para una visa americana. Si el oficial en el control del paso migratorio al llegar a Estados Unidos detecta alguna de esas circunstancias entonces rechazar permitir el ingreso al paà ­s de la persona extranjera. Excepcià ³n que aplica y no se puede viajar sin visa No pueden viajar sin visa a pesar de tener un pasaporte de un paà ­s incluido en el VWP y deben aplicar por una B-2 las personas que se encuentran en una de estas dos situaciones siguientes: han viajado a Irn, Irak, Libia, Somalia, Sudn, Siria o Yemen  con fecha el  1 de marzo de 2011 o posteriormente.tienen doble nacionalidad con Irn, Irak, Siria o Sudn. Si tuvieran una ESTA en activo, à ©sta se ha cancelado y ya no sirve para viajar a Estados Unidos. El Secretario de Seguridad Interna (Homeland Security) puede permitir excepciones a esa regla para personas que hayan viajado a esos paà ­ses por negocios legà ­timos, por ser periodistas o por ser miembros de organizaciones internacionales u ONGs. Tambià ©n se permiten excepciones cuando la presencia responda a fines diplomticos o militares. Inconvenientes de ingresar a EE.UU. sin visa Ingresar sin visa tiene las ventajas de que no hay que pagar la cuota por la misma y que no hay que acudir a la entrevista en el consulado. Sin embargo, viajar sin visa puede tener una importante desventaja y es que bajo ninguna circunstancia la estancia en EE.UU. puede ser superior a 90 dà ­as. No es posible pedir una ampliacià ³n de la estancia ni pedir un cambio a una visa. La à ºnica posibilidad es salir del paà ­s o, en caso contrario, la persona se quedar en situacià ³n de ilegal desde el punto de vista migratorio. Para ampliar a ese plazo no se puede intentar engaà ±ar al sistema saliendo por unos dà ­as a Canad, Mà ©xico o Bahamas. No se van a obtener dà ­as extras. Paà ­ses con los que se negocia posible inclusià ³n en programa VWP Desde hace aà ±os, los Estados Unidos est negociando ampliar el programa a otros nueve paà ­ses. Pero no hay fecha de cunto eso podrà ­a convertirse en una realidad. Son estos: ArgentinaBrasilBulgariaChipreIsraelPoloniaRumanà ­aTurquà ­aUruguay Argentina y Uruguay ya pertenecieron a este grupo. El primero fue excluido en 2002 y el segundo un aà ±o ms tarde. Ciudadanos de Canad, pasos migratorios Los canadienses pueden entrar sin visa a Estados Unidos como turistas por un plazo mximo de seis meses. No pertenecen al grupo de VWP. Simplemente no necesitan visado. Para acelerar el paso de control migratorio en los aeropuertos, los ciudadanos de estos paà ­ses del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados pueden utilizar el sistema APC (control de pasaportes automatizado). Si se desea aprender ms, se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples para asegurarte de que conoces todas las reglas fundamentales sobre viajar sin visa y la autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica conocida como ESTA. Para no tener problemas, lo mejor es evitarlos sabiendo cà ³mo. Evitar errores y disfrutar Estados Unidos como turista Para conservar tanto la visa de turista como el derecho a ingresar sin visa, es importante evitar estos  8 errores. Adems es importante conocer cules son las consecuencias  de quedarse ms tiempo del permitido  en los Estados Unidos y con  cunta frecuencia se puede ingresar  sin problemas.   Si se desea aprender ms, se recomienda tomar este  test de respuestas mà ºltiples  para asegurarte de que conoces todas las reglas fundamentales sobre viajar sin visa y la autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica conocida como ESTA. Para no tener problemas, lo mejor es evitarlos sabiendo cà ³mo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

What do you stand for Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

What do you stand for - Essay Example n a story, reflect on the perceptions of the author to such topics and compare it on your own so that the message being conveyed by the author will be fully appreciated by the reader. In this paper, specific themes on three essays discussed in class are analyzed and compared with that of my own values. John Edgar Wideman’s â€Å"Our Time† tells a compelling story about his brother Robby and the obscurities and poor choices he had in life which led him to the ultimate consequence of his actions, being locked up forever in prison for murdering his best friend. Using three different points of views namely himself, Robby’s and their mother’s, Wideman was able to convey three distinct events in his brother’s life such as the death of Garth, the change in the family’s choice of neighborhood from Homewood to Shadyside and the time of Robby birth. For instance, Wideman acknowledged Robby’s perception of the world, on why felt nothing but hate and resentment stating, â€Å"The world’s a stone bitch. Nothing true if that’s not true.† (Wideman 694). Because of this approach, he has successfully presented a three-dimensional view of Robby’s personal troubles and difficulties that may have influenced the person his br other became in the present. In addition, Wideman tried to identify with the reasons behind his brother’s struggles and unfortunate pronouncements in life by making himself understand the personal circumstances from Robby’s childhood to the present without subjecting into any prejudice. With the help of the different standpoints on Robbie’s story, I came into realization that the fate of a person does not solely rely on where or how he was raised but a consequence of each choices he decide on life. Though it may be true that one’s upbringing and relationships can shape his values and morals, an individual has always a conscious choice in his every action throughout his life. I believe that free will is a special human ability to select

Community Development & Social Work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Community Development & Social Work - Assignment Example This essay highlights that one of the principles of social work is treating people with respect and dignity. Intimidation must not form part of social work and cultural differences should be duly recognised. Protection from harm and fair share in resources must be promoted. Any form of discrimination must not be practised; options must be made available; and obstacles must be lessened. In social work, the needs of others must be prioritised and social workers must make use of their skills and abilities in resolving conflicts among the members of the community. Trust and confidence in the exercise of duties must be practised and people should be given the highest quality of service. As the paper declares community development is centered on the values of social justice, self determination, working and learning together, sustainable communities, participation and reflective practise. Some underlying principles that strengthen social justice are showing respect for individuals’ civic and human rights; being sensitive to cultural diversities, differences in beliefs and ideologies; promoting equal career opportunities; and discouraging discrimination. Self-determination can be shown by identifying first and foremost, the root of the problem currently experienced by the community. Developing a sustainable community is one of the goals of a community development worker. The right of the community must be fully respected by community workers in deciding what is beneficial for them. ... Making people aware of the alternatives available and conferring with them about the repercussions and other concerns related to the wide variety of possible choices given; upholding the right perspective that other communities should not be regarded as inferior; and properly addressing clashes within the community are also some ways of exhibiting self-determination (Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition 2011). Another principle essential for the development of a community is the value of working and learning together. This principle can be promoted by establishing that collaborative working is better and more efficient than doing tasks individually. This entails a shorter period of time and less effort for the task to be done, encouraging people to contribute for the welfare of the whole community and urging them to work as one. Moreover, this assures people that all views or suggestions are considered and making them feel that they are essential members of the community, and lastly by trying to build up a culture of knowledgeable and responsible decision makers (Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition 2011). Developing a sustainable community is one of the goals of a community development worker. This can be made by encouraging self-sufficiency among the members of the community, developing the abilities of the people to be productive citizens; upholding the value of independency; learning from past mistakes and by using few resources from the environment while generating less waste and pollution (Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition 2011). The right of the community must be fully respected by community workers in deciding what is beneficial for them. The needs of the community, the

Comparing Gothic Elements in Fall of the House of Usher, Uncle Toms Ca

Comparing Gothic Elements in Fall of the House of Usher, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Ligeia, and American Slave Gothic literature has a number of conventions, including evils of horror, present of light and dark, suggestions of the supernatural, and dark and exotic localities such as castles and crumbling mansions (American). Violence in gothic literature never occurs just for the sake of violence; there is always a moral dilemma (Clarke 209). By going the extremes, a gothic author is able to accentuate a contrast allowing the author's point to be made more easily. American fiction was based on fantasy works of writers like Edgar Allan Poe. Although Edgar Allan Poe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Frederick Douglass, all used gothic devices in their work, the question arises whether Poe's gothic techniques represented his fantasy, or did they represent his reality like they do with Stowe and Douglass. Poe's use of gothic device leads the readers into a downward fall of an insane world representing fantasy. Stowe and Douglass, on the other hand, used gothic details to reflect the reality of th e lives of slaves as they struggle to climb upwards out of the descending fall of their lives. Edgar Allan Poe is primarily known for his mastery of the gothic genre. He constantly explored subjects such as self-destruction, madness, imagination, and earned a reputation for his fascination with death, especially the death of women (Scharf). Poe uses the interplay dark and light and colors such as black, gray, white and red in order to present the downward fall of his characters rather then an upward gain in their lives. Unlike the stories of Stowe and Douglass, these colors are present to represent the upward struggle of the characters ... ...r cause (Scharf ). All three writers depend on the gothic devices to make their narratives attention getting, but Stowe and Douglass went beyond this. They wanted their readers to know their narratives were not fantasy, but could be almost dreamlike. Poe leaves his readers questioning the sanity and desires of his fictional characters while Stowe and Douglass leave their readers astonished by the insanity of a cruel and truly indescribable world. Works Cited Clarke, Doug. Themes and Issues of the Gothic Genre. http://members.aol. com/franzpoet/intro.html An American Cottage -- American Edition of Smith's Dictionary of the Bible http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.author/a.81.html Scharf, Douglas. Edgar Allan Poe: Biographical Contexts For "The Fall of the House of Usher". http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/ PoeFall. htm#First.

Ethical Principles

1. Contribute to society and human well-being.This principle concerning the quality of life of all people affirms an obligation to protect fundamental human rights and to respect the diversity of all cultures. An essential aim of computing professionals is to minimize negative consequences of computing systems, including threats to health and safety. When designing or implementing systems, computing professionals must attempt to ensure that the products of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways, will meet social needs, and will avoid harmful effects to health and welfare. 2. Avoid harm to others.â€Å"Harm† means injury or negative consequences, such as undesirable loss of information, loss of property, property damage, or unwanted environmental impacts. This principle prohibits use of computing technology in ways that result in harm to any of the following: users, the general public, employees, and employers. Harmful actions include intentional destruction or modification of files and programs leading to serious loss of resources or unnecessary expenditure of human resources such as the time and effort required to purge systems of â€Å"computer viruses.† 3. Be honest and trustworthy.Honesty is an essential component of trust. Without trust an organization cannot function effectively. The honest computing professional will not make deliberately false or deceptive claims about a system or system design, but will instead provide full disclosure of all pertinent system limitations and problems.A computer professional has a duty to be honest about his or her own qualifications, and about any circumstances that might lead to conflicts of interest. 4. Be fair and take action not to discriminate.The values of equality, tolerance, respect for others, and the principles of equal justice govern this imperative.Inequities between different groups of people may result from the use or misuse of information and technology. In a fair society, a ll individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors. However, these ideals do not justify unauthorized use of computer resources nor do they provide an adequate basis for violation of any other ethical imperatives of this code.5. Honor property rights including copyrights and patent.Violation of copyrights, patents, trade secrets and the terms of license agreements is prohibited by law in most circumstances. Even when software is not so protected, such violations are contrary to professional behavior. Copies of software should be made only with proper authorization. Unauthorized duplication of materials must not be condoned. 6. Give proper credit for intellectual property.Computing professionals are obligated to protect the integrity of intellectual property. Specifically, one must not take credit for other's ideas or work, even in cases where the work has not been explicitly protected by copyright, patent, etc. 7 Respect the privacy of others.Computing and communication technology enables the collection and exchange of personal information on a scale unprecedented in the history of civilization. Thus there is increased potential for violating the privacy of individuals and groups. It is the responsibility of professionals to maintain the privacy and integrity of data describing individuals. This includes taking precautions to ensure the accuracy of data, as well as protecting it from unauthorized access or accidental disclosure to inappropriate individuals. Furthermore, procedures must be established to allow individuals to review their records and correct inaccuracies. 8. Honor confidentiality.The principle of honesty extends to issues of confidentiality of information whenever one has made an explicit promise to honor confidentiality or,  implicitly, when private information not directly related to the performance of one's duties becomes available. The ethical concern is to respect all obligations of confidentiality to employers, clients, and users unless discharged from such obligations by requirements of the law or other principles of this Code.The Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsWritten by the Computer Ethics Institute1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. 5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always us e a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans.Information Ethics1. Personal Privacy IT enables data exchange of information on a large scale from anybody, on any locations or parts of the world, at any times. In this situation, there is increased potential for disclosing information and violating the privacy of any individuals and groups of people due to its widespread disseminations worldwide. It is our challenge and responsibility to maintain the privacy and integrity of data regarding individuals. This also includes taking precautions to ensure the accuracy of data, as well as protecting it from unauthorized access or accidental disclosure to inappropriate individuals. 2. Ethical IssuesEthical issues in computing systems is access right. Due to the current popularity of international commerce on the Internet, the topic of computer security and access right has moved quickly from being a low priority for corporations and government agencies to a high priority. This interest has been heightened by computer break-ins at places like Los Alamos National Laboratories and NASA in the US. Many attempts of such illegal access to United States government and military computers by computer hackers have been widely reported. Without implementation of proper computer security policies and strategies, network connections on the Internet can’t be made secure from illegal accesses3. Harmful ActionsIn computer ethics, harmful action means injury or negative consequences, such as undesirable loss of information, loss of property, property damage, or unwanted environmental impacts. This principle prohibits use of computing technology in ways that result in harm to any of users, the general public, employees, and employers. Harmful actions include intentional destruction or modification of files and programs leading to serious loss of resources or unnecessary expenditure of human resources such as the time and effort required to purge systems from â€Å"computer viruses.† In the following tables, a survey of various activities on Internet indicates that illegal information nowadays is often reported. The data shows that the percentage of response from Japanese companies and organizations is quite significant (Kubo, 1999).Code of Ethics for the Filipino I.T. ProfessionalsPreamble:I will use my social knowledge and skills for the benefit of employers and clients with integrity, subject to an overriding responsibility for the public interest, and I will strive to enhance the competence and prestige of the professional. By these, I mean:1. I will promote public knowledge technology; 2. I will consider the general welfare and public good in the performance of my work; 3. I will advertise good or professional in a clear and truthful manner; 4. I will comply and strictly abide by the in related laws in  respect of information technology; 5. I will accept full responsibility for the work undertaken and will uti lize my skills with competence and professionalism; 6. I will make truthful statements on and qualities of my products and service; 7. I will not disclose or use any confidential information obtained in the course of professional duties without the consent of the parties concerned, except when required by law; 8. I will try to attain the highest in both the products and services I offer; 9. I will not knowingly participate in the development of Information Technology System that will promote the Commission of fraud and other unlawful acts; 10. I will uphold and improve the IT professional standard through continuing professional development in order to enhance IT profession.

Bernie Sanders And The Economy - 1646 Words

Jonathan Harvey Morris HELA 10 Hour 5 8 May 2016 Bernie Sanders and the Economy With over 9 million votes and 42% of the popular vote in the Democratic Party primaries, one man has started what he calls a â€Å"political revolution†. He has gained widespread support for a political ideology that he calls democratic socialism through funneling the anger of Americans toward banks, the upper class, and trade deals. While he may seem appealing to many Americans, his flaws greatly outweigh his strengths. Bernie Sanders should not be the next President of the United States because his economic policies are extremely irresponsible and in some cases dangerous. After the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in December of 2015, Bernie Sanders wrote a scathing editorial in the New York Times, saying the Fed should not have raised rates. He didn’t, however, stop at saying the Fed should not have raised interest rates. Sanders went on to say â€Å"As a rule, the Fed should not raise interest rates until unemployment is below 4 percent.† His reasoning for this was that â€Å"Raising interest rates now is a disaster for small business owners who need loans to hire more workers and Americans who need more jobs and higher wages.† The implication made here is that there are small business owners who could afford to hire more workers and start new projects if the rates stayed low, but they would not be able to afford those employees and/or projects if the rates rose. To an ordinary bystander, thisShow MoreRelatedBernie Sanders And The Civil Rights Movement992 Words   |  4 Pagescandidates. In my evaluation essay, I will be focusing on Bernie Sanders and his stand on education, corporate regulations, and health care. Bernie Sanders has been involved with the government and politics since 1962 when he pursued his career at the University of Chicago and became involved in the Civil Rights Movement. 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